Introduction of RNA polymerase: RNA polymerase, also known as DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is usually known as RNAP, this enzyme creates RNA from a DNA template or RNApol in molecular biology. Locally, the double-stranded DNA is opened by the enzyme…
History and introduction of DNA extraction: DNA extraction is a technique to separate DNA from cell membranes, proteins, and other biological components from a sample using physical and/or chemical processes. For the first instance, DNA isolation was done by Friedrich…
Types of PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) PCR is a technique used to replicate DNA in in-vitro conditions. There are many types of PCR mentioned below Also Read PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Its principle, components, and applications Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)PCR:…
History of PCR: The invention of PCR is typically credited to Kary Mullis, a technician at Cetus Corporation tasked with enhancing oligonucleotide synthesis. In his 1969 Nobel Prize lecture, he discusses how, while camping with his partner, he had the…
Introduction of rough endoplasmic reticulum: A subset of the endoplasmic reticulum, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) is a component of the cell’s endomembrane system (ER). Specifically, proteins that need to be transported to other organelles inside the cell…
Discovery of smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Despite being one of the largest and most crucial organelles in terms of function, ER was one of those organelles that took a while to be discovered. According to reports, the French cytologist Charles…
History of endoplasmic reticulum: In 1945, Porter, Claude, and Fullam used electron microscopy to observe vesicle-like structures in cell culture investigations, which marked the beginning of the history of the endoplasmic reticulum. These objects ranged in size from 100…
History of peroxisomes: De Duve et al. extracted microbodies from the rat liver and termed them peroxisomes in 1965. They were membrane-bound organelles that included a variety of oxidases that produce H2O2 and catalase, degrading H2O2. In 1976, the…
History of lysosome: Christian de Duve, a Belgian biologist, discovered lysosomes and was given the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is also credited with the discovery of peroxisomes, which are other cellular organelles. De Duve and…
What is the Golgi apparatus? The Golgi apparatus is a sort of organelle (i.e., a cell structure that processes and packages proteins and lipid molecules and can be seen under an electron microscope), often referred to as the Golgi…
