Definition of ELISA The presence or absence of either specific antibodies or antigens in a sample is measured and detected by the commonly used assay known as ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay). This assay is based on the attachment of…
Introduction Microscopes have revolutionized the way we see the world, especially the invisible components that are invisible to the naked eye. The history of microscopes dates back to the late 16th century. The earliest microscope was created by Zacharias Jansen,…
Introduction A neutralization test determines an antibody’s efficiency to prevent or lower a pathogen’s infectivity. When a person is infected with a virus, his immune system develops antibodies that recognize and bind to specific regions of the pathogen called epitopes.…
Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay (HI) is an important technique in the research of viruses, especially influenza viruses. This test provides important information on an individual’s immune response to viral infections and it is also useful in vaccine development, epidemiological studies, and…
Introduction In 1941-1942, an American virologist named George Hirst developed the hemagglutination assay (HA) and the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI or HAI), procedures for detecting the relative concentration of viruses, bacteria, or antibodies. In the presence of some enveloped viruses, hemagglutination…
Introduction The Agglutination Test is a clinical assay that detects Antibodies or Antigens in different fluids of the body such as saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, or blood. During an agglutination test, antibodies react with antigens on cells, forming visible clumps or…
Introduction The oxidative fermentative test determines whether bacteria can metabolize carbohydrates oxidatively, through fermentation, or are non-saccharolytic i.e. unable to utilize the carbohydrates in the media. Carbohydrates are organic compounds that contain (CH2O)n carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrate is used…
What is an API 20E test? The API (Analytical Profile Index) 20E Test is a well-known and commonly used biochemical test for identifying and differentiating bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is a standardized biochemical assay designed for species identification…
What do you mean by benchtop centrifuge? A small lab-grade centrifuge is known as a benchtop centrifuge which is suitable for use on a laboratory workbench or counter. Centrifugal force is commonly utilized to separate substances in a liquid or solid…
Definition Kligler’s Iron Agar (KIA) Test is a biochemical test used to examine bacteria’s ability to ferment glucose or lactose (or both) in a variety of ways; or lack of ability to ferment them at all. It is also used…
